Business Rules

 Introduction
This tutorial is intended to assist developers with the writing of business rules using the SanteDB Jint business rules engine (the default business rules engine in SanteDB).
SanteDB can run rules in the user interface on demand (which run in the user's browser) otherwise they are run in the dCDR and iCDR using a C# to JavaScript interpreter bridge named JINT. The JINT library. 
SanteDB < 2.0.x use JINT 2.0 which is compatible with ECMA Script 5.1
SanteDB > 2.1.x use JINT 3.0 Beta which is compatible with a subset of ECMA Script 6  functions (see: https://github.com/sebastienros/jint/blob/main/README.md)
 What is a Business Rule?
SanteDB provides a series of extension points where developers can write custom triggers to modify, extend, add, or remove data from resources. These changes are used to implement business rules on the series of objects the subscribe to. Some examples might be:
Interpreting an observation based on some pre-defined lookup tables
Merging patients before they are persisted based on specified criteria
Validating that a substance administration is correct before persisting it
This article covers writing business rules in JavaScript in your applets. While this method is convenient and allows sharing of a single business rule implementation in all dCDR instances and the iCDR, if you require higher performing business rules on the iCDR, consider implementing a Business Rules Servicein C# instead.
 How does SanteDB treat Business Rules?
Business rules subscribe to persistence events on the repository layer of the architecture. Whenever a piece of data is modified, these events fire, and the correlated business rules are triggered.
 Technically how is this done?
From a technical standpoint, SanteDB (and the disconnected client) compile JavaScript into .NET code at runtime. An entire BRE script is executed on application startup (or server startup) and here the script is free to subscribe to a series of events.
These events are:
Event
Description
BeforeInsert
Fired before data is persisted to the database
AfterInsert
Fired after data has successfully been persisted to the database
BeforeUpdate
Fired before data is updated in the database
AfterUpdate
Fired after data has successfully been updated in the database
BeforeObsolete
Fired prior to data being obsoleted in the database
AfterObsolete
Fired after data has been obsoleted in the database
BeforeQuery
Fired before a query is run allowing the rule to change query
AfterQuery
Fired after a query has been executed and results are ready
Business rules which are executed before persistence (BeforeInsert, BeforeObsolete, BeforeUpdate) have the opportunity to change data that is about to be persisted. This is done by returning data from the function which is to be updated.
Business rules which are executed after persistence (AfterInsert, AfterObsolete, AfterUpdate) may also change data, however it is important to note that these are done as a separate transaction as the rules are executed after the operation has been committed to the database. This means that any operation where the "After" trigger fails, will result in a 422 response to the client, whilst the data is persisted to the database.
If your trigger requires operation within the master transaction, however you want to ensure the persistence is completed, you can return a Bundle (for a transaction) and push additional operations to the scoped bundle.
 A simple business rule
Business rules are loaded from the rules/ folder of your applet. This tutorial will create a rule which will add a tag to a patient called "ReviewState" and will set it to "NotReviewed". This operation will illustrate the BeforeInsert rule and AfterUpdate rules.
1.Create an empty JavaScript file in the rules/ folder of your applet
2.We need to call the SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule() function to register our rule, we're subscribing to "Patient"s.
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SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule("id", "Patient", "BeforeInsert", [], function(patient) {
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​
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});
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 The AddBusinessRule function accepts a callback which is to be called whenever the trigger "BeforeInsert" on a Patient is called. The [ ] is reserved for filter properties which prevent the filter from being called.
3.Next, we want to add a tag to this patient object, this is done using the standard SanteDB JavaScript bridge functionality you write your regular applet controller code in:
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SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule("my_patient_rule", "Patient", "BeforeInsert", [], function(patient) {
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​
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    patient.tag = patient.tag || {};
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    // ensure the rule has not been run
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    if(patient.tag["ReviewState"] === undefined)
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        patient.tag["ReviewState"] = 'NotReviewed';
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    return patient;
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​
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});
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4.Next, we may want to add a rule for AfterUpdate which clears this tag or sets the status to reviewed (note: since AfterUpdate is called after the data is committed, we have to manually save. We could call SanteDB.resources.patient.saveAsync() however that would result in a new version. For tagging we can use the built-in SaveTags function)
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 SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule("my_patient_rule", "Patient", "AfterUpdate", [], function(patient) {
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​
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     patient.tag = patient.tag || {};
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​
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     // is the state 'NotReviewed'?
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     if(patient.tag["ReviewState"] == 'NotReviewed') {
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         patient.tag["ReviewState"] = 'Reviewed';
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         SanteDBBre.SaveTags(patient); // we updated the tag after a commit so we have to save them manully
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     }
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​
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     return patient;
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 });
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 Adding Validation
Another operation that can be injected into the SanteDB logic is resource validation. If you have custom rules that you would like evaluated before a resource is saved, you can add a validation function.
For example, if we want to prevent patients from being saved without a date of birth or gender, we could write a simple validator:
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SanteDBBre.AddValidator("my_patient_validator", "Patient", function(patient) {
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    var issues = [];
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​
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    if(!patient.dateOfBirth)
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        issues.push({ text: 'Patients must have date of birth', priority: 1 });
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    if(!patient.genderConcept)
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        issues.push({ text: 'Patients must have a gender', priority: 1 });
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    return issues;
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});
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The result of the validator function is an array of SanteDBBre.DetectedIssue instances.
 Debugging your business rules
The SanteDB SDK provides a mechanism to debug your business rules including setting break points, stepping in/over functions, etc. These tools are provided via the sdb-dbg program in the SDK.
When running the SDK you must specify a disconnected client database to test with. This can acquired using several techniques:
Creating a backup from the SanteDB Disconnected Client mobile application
Pointing the database at a configured sdb-ade database (--db=%localappdata%\sdbare\santedb.sqlite). Note this is the default operating mode when launching the application from the start menu.
Creating a new database and using anonymous patients (only recommended for simple protocols)
To debug a clinical protocol, you can use the following command:
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> sdb-ade --db=newdb1.sqlite --bre
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SanteDB Debugger v1.10.0.20334 (Fredericton)
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Copyright (C) 2015-2019 Mohawk College of Applied Arts and Technology
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Loading debuggees...
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Working Directory: C:\Users\justin\Documents
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Ready...
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dbg >
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Note that you can pre-load a script file by specifying --source= , however this tutorial, will load the file from the debug command prompt.
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dbg >cd c:\users\justin\source\repos\applet-starter\rules
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INF: c:\users\justin\source\repos\applet-starter\rules
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dbg >x tageme.js
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tagme.js (run) >
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Execution Finished
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tagme.js (idle) >
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The command to "open" a file (o) will only load the file into the current source buffer, whereas "execute file" (x) will load the file and execute it.
We can print the file contents using the print file (pf) command:
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tagme.js (idle) >pf
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[1]   SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule("Patient", "BeforeInsert", [], function(patient) {
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[2]
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[3]       patient.tag = patient.tag || {};
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[4]       // ensure the rule has not been run
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[5]       if(patient.tag["ReviewState"] === undefined)
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[6]           patient.tag["ReviewState"] = 'NotReviewed';
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[7]       return patient;
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[8]
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[9]   });
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​
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Setting a breakpoint is done using the break (b) command and a line number. For example, the commands b 3 and then pf 0 10 will set a breakpoint at line 3 and then print the file from lines 0 to 10:
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tagme.js (idle) >b 3
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tagme.js (idle) >pf 0 10
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[1]   SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule("Patient", "BeforeInsert", [], function(patient) {
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[2]
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[3]***    patient.tag = patient.tag || {};
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[4]       // ensure the rule has not been run
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[5]       if(patient.tag["ReviewState"] === undefined)
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[6]           patient.tag["ReviewState"] = 'NotReviewed';
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[7]       return patient;
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[8]
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[9]   });
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[10]
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Notice the *** indicator for the breakpoint. You can also list a series of breakpoints with the breakpoint list command (bl).
In order to execute a rule, we first must load a Patient into scope. This can be done with either:
Set data query (sdq) to load a patient from the database
Set data file (sfv , sfx, or sfj) to load the patient from view model, XML or JSON respectively
Creating a new patient with set scope (ss)
For this tutorial lets set the scope to a new patient:
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tagme.js (idle) >ss Patient '{ "dateOfBirth":"2017-01-01" }'
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tagme.js (idle) >dj
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{
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  "dateOfBirth": "2017-01-01",
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  "language": [],
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  "classConcept": "bacd9c6f-3fa9-481e-9636-37457962804d",
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  "determinerConcept": "f29f08de-78a7-4a5e-aeaf-7b545ba19a09",
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  "relationship": [],
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  "$type": "Patient"
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}
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tageme.js (idle) >
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Dumping the scope can be done as:
XML (IMSI format) with dump scope xml (dx)
JSON (IMSI format) with dump scope JSON (dj)
View Model (Applet Format) with dump scope viewmodel (dv)
Scope data can be exchange with exchange scope (xs), which is useful if you're using the set data query operation to select a single result.
Once we're ready to run a rule, we use the goto rule function (go.rule). Because a breakpoint is set on line 3 in BeforeInsert the debugger will break on line 3:
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tageme.js (idle) >go.rule BeforeInsert
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[3]++>    patient.tag = patient.tag || {};
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At a breakpoint we can print the current block of code with print block (pb) to get context of where our breakpoint is (highlighted with +++>)
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tageme.js @ 3 (step) >pb
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[1]   SanteDBBre.AddBusinessRule("Patient", "BeforeInsert", [], function(patient) {
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[2]
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[3]++>    patient.tag = patient.tag || {};
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[4]       // ensure the rule has not been run
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[5]       if(patient.tag["ReviewState"] === undefined)
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[6]           patient.tag["ReviewState"] = 'NotReviewed';
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[7]       return patient;
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[8]
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Our prompt will also show the current line of code (tagme.js @ 3 (step)).
We can use the dump local (dl) or dump global (dg) to inspect the contents of the local or global JavaScript scope:
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tageme.js @ 3 (step) >dl
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Count:2
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[patient] System.Dynamic.ExpandoObject
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[arguments] [object Arguments]
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To get a specific variable contents we dump the object
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tageme.js @ 3 (step) >dl patient
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Count:4
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[$type] Patient
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[$id] obj0
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[dateOfBirth] 1/1/2017 12:00:00 AM
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[creationTimeModel] 1/1/0001 12:00:00 AM
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To increment the program we can use:
Step over using "go over" (go) which will run the line of code and stop
Step into using "go in" (gi) which will run the line of code and break at the first line of a called function
Go until next breakpoint (gn) which will continue to run the program until the next break point is hit
Step out using "go up" (gu) which will execute until the current scope is exited
If we run the rule line by line using go we get the following output:
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tageme.js @ 3 (step) >go
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[5]++>    if(patient.tag["ReviewState"] === undefined)
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tageme.js @ 5 (step) >go
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[6]++>        patient.tag["ReviewState"] = 'NotReviewed';
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tageme.js @ 6 (step) >go
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[7]++>    return patient;
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tageme.js @ 7 (step) >go
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tageme.js @ 7 (step) >
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Execution Complete, result set to scope
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The execution of the rule is now complete, if we were to dump the scope we would see our patient object has been updated with our tag:
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tageme.js (idle) >dj
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{
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  "dateOfBirth": "2017-01-01",
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  "language": [],
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  "classConcept": "bacd9c6f-3fa9-481e-9636-37457962804d",
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  "determinerConcept": "f29f08de-78a7-4a5e-aeaf-7b545ba19a09",
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  "relationship": [],
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  "tag": [
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    {
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      "key": "ReviewState",
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      "value": "NotReviewed",
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      "$type": "EntityTag"
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    }
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  ],
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  "creationTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00.0000000-05:00",
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  "$type": "Patient"
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}
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We can also debug our validator by running go.validate:
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tageme.js (idle) >go.validate
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tageme.js (run) >Error  Patients must have a gender
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​
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Execution Complete
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Here we can see our validation rule has failed for the currently scoped patient. In the IMS this result in an HTTP 422 error and an OperationResult with that message listed.
 More Information
You can find out more information about how to use the debugger with the debugger manual pages.
Clinical Decision-Support
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Contents
Introduction
What is a Business Rule?
How does SanteDB treat Business Rules?
Technically how is this done?
A simple business rule
Debugging your business rules
More Information